In most areas, most of the drinking water supplies from groundwater resources, is constantly threatened by various pollutants. In this paper, the groundwater quality Protection Zone is defined using MODFLOW, WhAEM2000 and DRASTIC models. In this research at the beginning, the conceptual model of Rudan plain aquifer has been made by MODFLOW model and the values of recharge, Hydraulic conductivity and value of Specific yield coefficient has been calibrated. Steady model for 1389-90 blue year and also unsteady model for 1389-91 blue years was made as the root mean square error for steady model was equal to 1. 49 and for unsteady model 2. 32. Then, the groundwater quality Protection Zone is determined by using WhAEM2000 model in both constant radius and analytical methods. Finally, the vulnerability level of the aquifer was identified and considered for determining the Protection Zone area. Results showed that most of the wells are located in the highly vulnerable Zone with agricultural land use. So, Because of the high risk of groundwater pollution, extra travel time for groundwater (about 10 years) must be considered for determination of Protection Zone. Also, for less vulnerable areas and other land use areas, a smaller Protection area can be applied, since the application of greater Zone in these areas will lead to a lot of social and economic costs. Based on previous studies, the main challenge for using the WhAEM2000 model to determine the Protection Zone of water quality for drinking wells is to determine the precise values of aquifer specifications and the basis for judging the travel time of pollution in the aquifer. In this paper, using a calibrated groundwater model in GMS software, and also determining the vulnerability of aquifer using the DRASTIC model, attempts have been made to determine more precisely the Protection Zone. Finally, according to the stated points, three immediate Protection Zones, mandatory and protective Zones were determined for drinking water wells.

Application of sunscreens is one of the most important ways for skin Protection against sunburn, early skin aging and skin cancer.Due to variety of sunscreen products, it is necessary to assure their Protection ability against the suns damages. Performance assessment of sunscreens against UVB expressed by sun Protection factor. Due to great cost of determination methods of this factor in foreign countries, developing a comprehensive protocol for in vivo SPF determination in Iran would have distinct benefits.In this study four international standards have been reviewed and compared for Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determination including ISO24444, FDA2011, AS/NZS 2604: 2012 and CEN 2006. The general process of in vivo SPF determination is similar in these protocols but there are some obvious differences in details that leading to advantages and disadvantages for each of them.In this study a complete document were collected, then regarding to available facilities and with cooperation of Iran food and drug organization a comprehensive in vivo SPF determination protocol will be developed.

In order to study bioZones of the Pabdeh Formation in the Northeast Kazerun, Murdak section was selected. In this section, Pabdeh Formation is mainly consists of marl, shale and marly limestone. The study of calcareous nannofossils led to the recognition of 70 species and 28 genera. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and assemblages fossil, the following bioZones based on global standard zonations are identified: Discoaster multiradiatus Zone (NP9/ CNP11), Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10/ CNE1-CNE2), Discoaster binodosus Zone (NP11/ CNE3), Tribrachiatus orthostylus Zone (NP12/ CNE4), Discoaster lodoensis Zone (NP13/ CNE5), Discoaster sunlodoensis Zone (NP14/ CNE6-CNE8), Nannotetrina fulgens Zone (NP15/ CNE9-CNE11), Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone (NP16/ CNE12-CNE15), Discoaster saipanensis Zone (NP17/ CNE15-CNE16), Chiasmolithus oamaruensis Zone (NP18/ CNE17-CNE18), Isthmolithus recurvus Zone (NP19/ CNE18-CNE19), Sphenolithus pseudoradians Zone (NP20/ CNE20), Ericsonia Subdisticha Zone (NP21/ CNE21-CNO1), Helicosphaera reticulate Zone (NP22/ CNO2), Sphenolithus predistintus Zone (NP23/ CNO3-CNO4). As a result of this study and based on the obtained bioZones, the age of Pabdeh Formation in Murdak section, is Late Paleocene (Thanetian) to Oligocene (Rupelian-Chatian).

Background and Objective: Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system occurs during aging. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can be preventing the degeneration of neurons. In addition to neuronal replacement, with the production of neurotrophic factors, increased survival and proliferation of endogenous cells. This study was done to compare the cell proliferation, neurotrophic factors expression and features of NSCs harvested from different areas of the central nervous system in vitro.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study NSCs have been harvested from subgranular Zone (SGZ), subventricular Zone (SVZ) and central canal of spinal cord from adult Wistar rats with mechanical, enzymatical digestion and subsequently was cultured in α-MEM medium supplemented with serum as monolayer or adherent conditions and passaged for 13 times. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine expression of the nestin and GFAP markers. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR was used to confirm genes expression (NGF, CNTF, NT3, NT4.5, GDNF and BDNF).Results: Morphological features of stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar in the culture. Doubling time NSCs in the SVZ (37.45 hr) is shorter than in the SGZ (44.04 hr) and central canal of spinal cord (57.22 hr). The culture conditions as well as monolayer neural stem cells are capable of producing neurospheres. Also, nestin and GFAP markers, expressed by NSCs. Neurotrophic gene expression pattern profiles were similar to each other in stem cells extracted from the SGZ, SVZ and central canal of spinal cord.Conclusion: Neurotrophic gene expression in stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar, but proliferation capacity was higher in NSCs, which have been harvested from the SVZ.

Environmental management, as a broad and dynamic system, should consider preventive approaches to face environmental pollution and destruction. On the other hand, in order to an effectively integratation of Protection and development in coastal areas, various approaches have been proposed such as regional environmental planning and integrated coastal Zone management (ICZM). ICZM should ensure the existence of balance in the use of coastal areas. So, in this study, which is a part of the environmental management program of the coastal area of Sistan and Baluchestan province, in the precision plan of ICZM, development conditions were formulated in the Protection classes of the coastal area of this province. According to the essence of the subject, descriptive-inductive method was selected based on referring to existing documents related to environmental Protection The development conditions were formulated for the Protection Zones of coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area, and by assigning a special code to each of the conditions, spatial mapping of the assigned codes was carried out in ArcGIS software. The results showed, the areas in the class 1 of Protection, need ecological Protection due to their ecological importance and environmental sensitivities, and development in them is conditional and with the approval of the Department of Environment. Areas in class 2, are not declared non-developable. These areas are developable by observing engineering considerations and technical and management solutions, within the framework of ecological capability. Areas in class 3, which have been set as restoration and rehabilitation, can be developed in the case of preparing a restoration and rehabilitation plan and within the framework of ecological capability. The results of this study will contribute to the balanced and consistency development in the coastal areas of the Oman Sea to create sustainable value added. Also, the results of this study can be used in the preparation three-Zone thematic programs of the coastal Zone (coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area).

Demonstrations in Libya in February 2011 were cruelly cracked down by the military forces of Gadhafi regime and the cities which were under the control of protestors were bombed by heavy arms and airplanes. The opposition groups, the League of Arab Nations and some countries demanded the Security Council to protect Libyan civilians. The SC in its resolution 1970 adopted some sanctions against the Libyan regime. In the second step, by adopting resolution 1973, the SC authorized international community to protect civilians in Libya even through military operations and to establish a no-fly Zone. This paper explores the legal aspects of the SC resolution 1973 including the legitimacy of the use of force despite the principle of "no intervention in internal affairs of the UN member states", the commanding of the military operations under this resolution, and the extent of the authorized military operations.

Background: Despite the tremendous investigation in the areas of flexor tendon anatomy, biomechanics, nutrition, healing and adhesion formation return of satisfactory digital performance following for the hand surgeons. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive cross sectional study which investigates the results of primary repair of acute trauma (less than 10 days) to flexor tendons of Zone II. After initial exam, the operation was done by an experienced hand surgeon. The operation was done mostly in first 24 hours (primary repair) and in some cases in 10 days (delayed primary repair). All FDP lacerations were repaired with 4/0 nylon modified Kessler core suture and 6/0 nylon circumferential running suture. Post operation mobilization was done by using a dorsal splint in 40 degree wrist flexion and 60 degree metacarpophalengeal flexion and interphalengeal extent ion from finger tips to elbow. Early motion was begun one or two days after operation with modified Kleinert regimen. in children who could not cooperate in motion , long cast was used all patens completed follow up every two weeks for 6 weeks and every three weeks for another 6 weeks . The results were evaluated to buck –gramcko classification system at least 3 months after treatment. The results analyze was done using SPSS software and Kruskal –Wallis and man Whitney tests. Results: The study was done on 37 patients with injured flexor tendons, %67 male and %33 female with average age of 26. The results were excellent in 22 (%37.3) and good in 21 (%35.6 and fair in %20.3 and bad in 4 (%6.8). The most common complications were mild to moderate adhesion (%45) and cold intolerance (%36). Results of tendons repair were better in females than those in males (p value =%0.399). The best result was repair of isolated FDS. Results of repairing both FDP and FDS were the same as repairing FDP and resecting FDS (P value =%0.0006) final results were better in non dominant had (p value =%0.0025). Conclusions: The repair of flexor tendons of Zone II has various side effects and demands more and more primary repair measures on the part of an experienced surgeon.

Background: In order to prevent water pollution, protect public health, and reuse of the treated wastewater; controlling on quality of the wastewater treatment plant effluent has been considered a necessary.Objective: To compare the quality of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Lia industrial Zone with Iranian environmental Protection standards.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in one of the industrial Zones in Qazvin (Lia). Samples were collected from wastewater treatment plant from May to September 2015 and analyzed in the laboratory. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameters were determined twice per week when the pH values were daily measured by pH meter. Sampling was carried out weekly to determine other important operational parameters including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC). Sampling and experiments were done according to the latest standard methods. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16 software (T-Test a single group).Findings: The average of BOD, COD, TSS, FC, TC in effluent were achieved to 73.3±13.2, 156.2±42, and 76.43±50.8 mg/L 1.1×103, 1.1×103 MPN/100 ml respectively. The total average of removal efficiencies for BOD, COD and TSS were calculated 92.41%, 92.75%, and 87.46%, respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained that the wastewater treatment plant systems can be used as an efficient system for reduction of common pollutants by providing the Iranian standards for irrigating when the most important such as BOD, COD, TSS and PH are considered. The quality of the treated wastewater was found to be within the permissible Iranian standards for irrigating. However, it is important to keep in mind that reduce microbial contamination within standards is needed to be considered.